ELECTORAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL VISION AND REFORMS

Abstract

This paper examines the constitutional vision underlying India’s electoral democracy and evaluates the functioning of key electoral institutions in light of contemporary challenges. Part XV of the Constitution enshrines free and fair elections as the foundation of representative democracy, with the Election Commission of India playing a pivotal role in safeguarding electoral integrity. However, issues such as the criminalization of politics, opacity in campaign finance, weak internal party democracy, and the misuse of digital platforms continue to undermine electoral fairness.

By analysing the constitutional framework, judicial interpretations, and institutional practices, this paper highlights the gaps that persist between constitutional ideals and electoral realities. It further explores reform proposals, including fast-track adjudication of criminal cases against legislators, transparent mechanisms for political funding, strengthened intra-party democracy, regulatory checks on electoral misinformation, and periodic revision of electoral rolls. The study argues that sustained legal, institutional, and civic interventions are essential to restore public trust and realize the constitutional promise of free, fair, and transparent elections in India.